A Rose For Emily And Hills Like White Elephants - 1145 Words

The short stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† are like two people suited for each other; puzzle pieces. I say this because they can be hooked together by their common similarities. The two short stories may be different in some aspects, but they are very similar to one another. These similarities being, the themes, symbolism found in each of the stories and the tragedies that occur. Prior to reafing a short story, one can learn valuable lessons that can be used for the rest of there life. The two short stories share a common theme of the mystery of others minds. In â€Å" A Rose for Emily† the townspeople could not take the smell coming from Emily’s house any longer, so â€Å"They broke open the cellar door and sprinkled†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Miss Emily Grierson live a life of quiet turmoil. Her entire life has revolved around an inexplicable loneliness mostly characterized by the harsh abandonment of death. The most vital imagery utilized by Faulkner demonstrates Miss Emily’s mental condition. She, being self-improsened within the confines of her home, is the human embodiment of her house; Faulkner describes it as â€Å"... stubborn an coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps--an eyesore among eyesores.† (Faulkner 308). Miss Emily is also decaying, but it is subtle and internal--the awful smell that begins to permeate from her dwelling is a reflection of the withering woman within rotting. Perhaps most tragically, Miss Emily’s isolation is far from self-inflicted. Her blind devotion to the ones she loves; her father, her husband, her home; only serves to further condemn her actions. Her neighbors disregard toward her inabilty to let go of her father after his death, despite the delicacy of her being, caused for her madness to fester. â€Å"She told them her father was not dead. For three days she did this, â€Å"We did not say she was crazy then. We believed she had to do that.† (Faulkner.311). Their negligence of all the warning signs; even after her lover vanished, the deterioration of her home, and Miss Emily’s inability to accept reality serves as the most prevailing form of repression in this story. Contrariwise, â€Å"HillsShow MoreRelatedCharacter Comparison - Hills Like White Elephants/A Rose for Emily989 Words   |  4 PagesStefanie A. Thomas Professor Judith Angona English 152 9 October 2012 Character Comparison – Two Repressed Women Both â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† center around two women who are repressed by their lives’ circumstances. However, outside of their feelings, their situations could not be more different. Miss Emily Grierson is trapped in a life of solitude, despondency, and desperation. The girl, or â€Å"Jig†, is equally as desperate, butRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway1113 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"What does it mean?†, a question most would ask themselves after reading the short stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway. In both the stories, the authors left the importance of the events lie beneath the story, through the voice of the narrator. These two stories often cause the reader to question the story s sole purpose, and leaves them with many questions since the imp ortant themes are strategically placed beneath the surface ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Hills Like White Elephants 1502 Words   |  7 Pages Elephants, specifically white elephants, the Bible, and the beautiful red bud of a blooming rose, all have a similar meaning. The answer to the meaning of these material objects would be curtains, tall and wide mountains like the Appalachians, and trains. These may just be material objects, but the allegory, or symbolism, is alive and useful in both history and present day. Hills Like White Elephants, A Rose For Emily, and Where Are You Going, Where have you been? are all fictional short storiesRead MoreA Rose For Emily Symbolism Analysis1376 Words   |  6 Pagesstory is set plays the most significant role in the majority of fiction pieces, since it is the setting that outlines the plot development and influences the heroes’ decisions and general characteristics. In Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and Hemingwayâ €™s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† the setting is raised to the symbolic level. When the outside portrayal does not correspond to what is happening inside the character, it adds a psychological perspective to the plot’s analysis. In Faulkner’s story, thereRead More Role of Women in Hemmingways Hills like White Elephants, Lawrences The Horse Dealers Daughter and2273 Words   |  10 Pagesin Hemmingways Hills like White Elephants, Lawrences The Horse Dealers Daughter and Faulkners A Rose for Emily The role of women in society is constantly questioned and for centuries women have struggled to find their place in a world that is predominantly male oriented. Literature provides a window into the lives, thoughts and actions of women during certain periods of time in a fictitious form, yet often truthful in many ways. Ernest Hemmingways Hills like White Elephants, D.H. LawrencesRead MoreRole of Women in Literature Essay2336 Words   |  10 PagesHemmingways Hills like White Elephants, D.H. Lawrences The Horse Dealers Daughter and William Faulkners A Rose for Emily each paint a picture of a woman who has failed to break away from her male companion, all describing a stereotypically dominated woman. Through submissive natures, compliant attitudes, and shattered egos the three women each struggle to live their lives in accordance to men, using only silent means of escape. br brIn Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants we are introducedRead MoreImportance Of Personal Identity767 Words   |  4 Pagesoutline of who we are and what society views us as. Sometimes society or even others around us may not like who we are or what we stand for and may try to change us. This is not our fault as the individual; society tends to dislike and fear what it doesn’t understand or what it views as different. Reading short stories such as â€Å"The Birthmark†, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, as well as â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† reminds me that it is essential that I not let society tell me who I am or identify me incorrectlyRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 PagesSaturdays the tenants from the near-by farms come in for a day of talk and trade. Otherwise the town is lonesome, sad, and like a place that is far off and estranged from all other places in the world. The nearest train stop is Society City, and the Greyhound and White Bus Lines use the Forks Falls Road which is three miles away. The winters here are short and raw, the summers white with glare and fiery hot. If you walk along the main street on an August afternoon there is nothing whatsoever to doRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesexplicitly dramatized or presented in an early scene or chapter. Some conflicts, in fact, are never made explicit and must be inferred by the reader from what the characters do or say as the plot unfolds (as, for example, in Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†). Conflict, then, is the basic opposition, or tension, that sets the plot in motion; it engages the reader, builds the suspense or mystery of the work, and arouses expectation for the vents that are to follow. The plot of the traditionalRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesâ€Å"massification† of reproduction, production, trade, and transportation, as well as communication, consumption, and culture. Mass migration is an integral part of these broader global processes that have shaped the modern world. Dating the shift is—like the periodization of any social process—a slippery affair. But for mass migration, and for some of the other linked processes, the first half of the nineteenth century offers a more meaningful turning point than the beginning of the twentieth. The

Computers And Its Impact On The Workplace - 927 Words

According to the U.S. Census Forty-four million households, or 42 percent, had at least one member who used the Internet at home in the 2000. Today, no doubt, even more family members in the United States use computers. Most people are aware of the desktop computers which can be found in the home and in the workplace. What are the different types of computers and what are their purposes? Computers can be classified into three different categories of home computers, portable computers, and business computers including workstations and super computers. First, what is a computer? While the term computer can apply to virtually any device that has a microprocessor in it, most people think of a computer as a device that receives input from the user through a mouse or keyboard, processes it in some fashion and displays the result on a screen. Home computers are being used by children, teenagers, and adults. The PC or personal computer is designed to be used by one person. The term, Mac, is a PC, but most people link computers with Windows software such as Windows 98, Windows 2000, or Windows XP. A PC is actually a desktop that is designed to be used in one set location. Most desktops offer more power, storage, and versatility for less than their portable brethren. Many desktop computers are used at home and at work. Various types of software have been designed to meet individual needs of the computer user. The use of home computers or PCs can be for various purposes such asShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Computer Surveillance At The Workplace2122 Words   |  9 PagesAssessment of the Impact of Computer Surveillance at the Workplace Abstract Computer surveillance refers to the use of computers to track the activity of individuals at the workplace. It is a common practice especially in industries that have a large number of employees whom they cannot monitor in person. The research will examine computer monitoring as one of the methods which the management uses to monitor employee activity at the workplace. The researcher will examine the advantages of computer monitoringRead MoreThe Internet Usage At Workplace1320 Words   |  6 Pageslimited activities they could perform when using the computer at work, however with the advance of technology the computer and the Internet enabled a wide range of tools employees can work with. These technological developments have a huge impact, both positive and negative, and are also affecting the way Internet is being used in the workplace. On the positive side, the Internet improved the way employers and employees communicate in the workplace, providing a faster and more efficient way of transmittingRead MoreThe Impact Of Technological Change On Business1252 Words   |  6 PagesFC511 Group M10 Assessment title: Essay Title: the impact of technology on business in the last fifteen years. Tutor name Steven Powell. Student ID number: 201158721. â€Æ' The impact of technological change on business in the last fifteen years. Introduction: Communication technology is one of the most important facilities of information technology (IT) for the people around the world. It changed the human life by making it easier to communicate, also it made the world connected together. PeopleRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment Essay954 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as our diet, serving sizes and frozen commercial goods has a significant impact on daily as well as impact. Decreasing the use of vending machines additionally aid the decrease of carbon footprint impact since packed meals is another perpetrator of these CO2 pollutants. Carbofund.org recommended many techniques to decrease carbon footprint in our everyday life. First, allowing the power management in every computer will control the shutting and starting of the monitors; as a result, this willRead MoreSocietys Addiction to Computers Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology, computers have developed to be the leader of the world. Increasingly, computers are playing more roles in helping people to remember a friend’s birthday or maintain relationships with others. Therefore, they have contributed positive to the development of relationships and improvement of the general knowledge of the society. Critics however argue that the society is becoming progressively more dependent on computers. In this essay, the arguments for the dependency on computers will be presentedRead MoreSample Resume : Soft Skills1175 Words   |  5 PagesSoft Skills in Workplace Volunteering and Internships Carrie Priest MGT300 –Principles of Management Colorado State University – Global Campus Melinda Curley October 16, 2016 Soft Skills in Workplace Volunteering and Internships In this paper I will explore the four soft skills I have selected that are important to my mentorship opportunity and how these soft skills would positively impact my mentorship experience. I am currently involved in the Leadership Mentor Program at work where seniorRead MoreIn modern times Information Communication Technology (ICT) has become ever-present in life.800 Words   |  4 PagesInformation Communication Technology (ICT) has become ever-present in life. Sometimes it feels as though it is encroaching on daily routine but the advantages it offers in both personal and working life are prodigious. This essay will examine the impact ICT currently has, on private life and at work. The issues arising from the developments of these technologies will also be given consideration. Furthermore legislation relevant to ICT will be examined to ensure there is adequate protection to keepRead MorePrivacy Law Of The American Workplace1280 Words   |  6 PagesIn this article Evans summar ized privacy law in the American workplace, and also scholar Mathew Finkin painted a dramatic picture of the surveillance under which many many American employee work. Moreover, Finkin mentioned in this article that 34% of American employee are monitored continuously with regard to their email and internet usage privacy. In addition, He also pointed that The problem of employee privacy and productivity becomes more significant as the boundaries between formal and informalRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On The Workplace853 Words   |  4 Pagessocial networking sites in the workplace. It will also explain the positive impact social media usage has in the workplace, such as allowing communication to a broader audience. In addition to the positive usage, this topic will also explore the negative implications usage can cause. Because social media is still relatively new, there are not many laws establishing the proper guidelines for these sites in the workplace. Scholarly articl es such as the ‘Workplace impact of social networking† examineRead MoreEmployee Privacy Rights In The Workplace Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe issue of privacy is a big concern in the workplace. With the expanding of new technology, many employees are concern about his or, her privacy in the workplace. Employees have the right to go to work knowing that his or, her employer will not invade their privacy. The rights to privacy in the workplace only provide limited protection for workers against monitoring and breach of confidentiality. The National Work Rights Institute states, under the federal law, the limited protection the Electronic

Meaning Of Smart Autonomous Robot †Free Samples FOR Students

Question: What Is the Meaning of Smart Autonomous Robot? Answer: Introducation There are several types of taxation in Australia. Persons and corporations are necessarily required to pay tax or they are charged at all stages of administration ranging from local, state and federal governments (Barkoczy, 2016). Duty are collected in order to reimburse for the community services and transport payment. Income tax can be defined as the most noteworthy forms of levy in Australia, which is collected by the federal government throughout the Australian taxation office. Income taxes are imposed on the persons on federal level and this forms for the most part an important foundation of income for the Australian government. Meaning of smart autonomous robot: A smart autonomous robot is referred as robot, which performs the behaviour or task with the greater level of autonomy. It is especially desirable in the fields such as spaceflight, households maintenance, treatment of wastewater and delivering goods and services. There are some kinds of modern robots, which are autonomous within the firm confinement of direct environment (Snape De Souza, 2016). It is noteworthy to denote that every ounce of freedom is existence in their surrounding environment however, the workplace of factory robots is challenging and might consist of chaotic, uncertain predicted variables. One of the important areas involving the research on robots is to provide the robot to cope with the environment whether it will be on land, in water or underground (Taylor Richardson, 2013). Argument for and against the proposal of tax on robots: Arguments for the proposal of taxing on robots The notion of implementing tax on robots was raised during the last May presented in the draft report to the European Parliament that was organized by the committee of legal affairs. Focussing on how the robots can result in disparity the report has projected that there can be a requirement to initiate commercial reporting requirement on the degree and amount of the contributions made by the robots to the economic outcomes of an organisation with the objective of tax and communal security contributions. The community reaction in Australia to the offer made has been tremendously unenthusiastic with noteworthy exemption made by Bill Gates who initially authorized the idea of taxing robots (Saad, 2014). However, the idea should not be completely dismissed of taxing robots. In recent years, it has been noticed that a proliferation of devices has been noticed such as Google Home and Amazon Echo that have replaced few of the household aspects in Singapore. If such of labour displacing innovations continuous to succeed, it surely calls for taxation. With growing frequency owing to the problems of humans that have risen when humans started to lose their job and often for jobs which humans have closely identified for which they might have spend years preparing. Several optimist in Australia have pointed out that technologies have replaced new jobs for humans however, as the revolution of robots have accelerated there has been constant amount of growing doubts regarding their continuity to gr owth (Petty et al., 2015). Implementing tax on robots helps in advocating the hope and may slow down the process at least temporarily. This might help in providing revenues to finance the programs for displaced workers. Critics of robots have focussed on the term of ambiguity of the definition of robot, which makes difficult in defining the tax base (Woellner et al., 2016). Critics have laid down their opinion by stating that new autonomous robots provide undeniable amount of benefits to the growth in productivity. However, it is should not be ruled quickly that modest robots tax in Australia at the time of transition in a diverse globe of job. Such kinds of taxation must form the element of wider plan to administer the cost of robot insurgency. All the taxes except the lump-sum duty bring about distortion in the economy. But no government should impose lump sum amount of tax (Morgan et al., 2016). The system of taxation should be such that it must be same for everyone irrespective of his or her income or expenditure. This is for the reason that it might fall mainly on those having less profits and it would pulverize the deprived who may not be able to pay tax at all. Discussion based on taxing robot must be considered as an alternative of dealing with growing disparity. It must be usual to believe the more progressive income tax and the basic income. However, such measures of taxing robots have not yet gained a widespread support. Hence, if the support is not wider the imposition of tax will not last (Robin Barkoczy et al., 2016). Taxes in Australia should be reframed to work as a remedy for income disparity introduced by robot. It should be politically accepted and sustainable to implement tax on robots instead of just imposing on people with high-income. While this may not impose tax individual achievement of human similar to income tax, it may lead to somewhat instances of higher taxes on higher income given that high income is earned in the activities which involves replacing the human beings with robots. In Australia a reasonable tax on robots and even implementing the provisional tax might merely slow down the adoption of robotic technolog y, which appears positive element of policy to address higher inequality (Barkoczy, 2017). Revenue can be targeted in the direction of wage insurance in order to help the individuals that are displaced by new technology making change to diverse career. This would help in according the natural sense of justice and are more probably to endure. Argument against taxing robots: Bill Gates in an unlikely luddite have provoked individuals to undertake the hammer to their computers. In the latest discussion with the Quartz, an online journal company have laid down their scepticism concerning the capability of the society to administer rapid automation (Braithwaite Braithwaite, 2016). In order to prevent the social crisis government must take into the considerations that robots must be taxed if automations results in impracticable idea. In the coming future robots with the help of their own consciousness, nest eggs and accountants might have to pay income tax unlike the rest of us. According to the argument laid down by Bill gates modern era robots must be taxed either in their translation or by the amount of profit generated by the firm through saving cost of displacing human robots (Tran-Nam Walpole, 2016). The money that is produced can be used in Australia to retain the workers and might be used to fund the development of health care and teaching that pro vides hard to mechanize jobs in lessons or caring for old and sick. A robot is considered as a capital investment just like blast furnace or a computer. Economist has characteristically advised against taxing robots, which enables a financial system to manufacture more (Kiprotich, 2016). Taxation, which determines investment in, believed to make individuals poor devoid of raising any sort of currency. Studies have suggested that investing in robots appears to suggest like making in investment in coal-fired generator. It materially helps in boosting the output of the economy but also leads to the imposition of social cost which economist have termed it as negative externality. Possibly speedy automation threatens to remove the workers from job at a rapid pace than the new sectors can take them up. This may ultimately lead to communally expensive long-term employment and potentially it may assist in destructive policy of government in Australia (Jones Rhoades, 2013). Taxing on robots that may well is worth applying just a tax on harmful blast finance emission can put off pollution and leave community better off. Realism is though regarded as more multifaceted. Making an investment in report can lead human workers more productive instead of being dispensable and imposing tax on them can lead to worse impact on the employees. Particularly workers might suffer by being evacuated by robots however; employees as a whole may be better off due to the fall in price. Slowing down the employment of robots in the areas of health care and herding humans in such kinds of jobs may be viewed as useful procedure of maintaining the stability in the Australian society (Miller Oats, 2016). One of the thorniest problems prevalent from the proposal of Mr Gates is that currently automation is not occurring at a rapid pace. The removal of workers from the introduction of machines might lead to an enhance in the rate of output with a rapidly rising economy. Ever since the rapid growth in the productivity during the late 1990 and in the early years of 2000 the economy of America has persistently disappointed on such measures. Studies have expressed their worries concerning the era of automation where machines have taken over the managing warehouses (Bello, 2016). However, with the abundant of cheap labour it might be viewed that organisations face very little pressure of investing in labour-saving technologies. The proposal of taxing robots, by raising the expenditure of robots in relation to human labour may further delay the overdue boom in productivity. When the process of automation turns out to be faster robots might not be right to target for tax. Automation can be regarded as the displacement of labour with capital. In order to save human beings from unemployment, the reasoning goes towards the economys share capital income needs in order to diver the removed workers. Expanding the ownership of capital is regarded as one of the strategy where individuals can own driverless car vehicle, which operates in the form of taxis, and rely on the flow of fares in the form of income. Taxing the robots and redistributing the profits is another method of expanding the ownership of capital (Prassler, 2016). However, with machines displacing the humans in the process of production their income would face the identical pressure that effects humans. The share of total amount of income paid in wages in proportion to the labour share has been on constant fall ever since the last decade. The abundance of labour is to be partly blamed and the owners of factors of production are shorter in supply. However, machines are not less abundant than people. Factories can churn out even complex contraptions since the cost involved in producing the second or millionth copy of a piece of software is roughly considered as zero. Abundant of machines will not prove capable of grabbing a fair share of market gains from the growth than abundant humans possess. The idea proposed by Bill Gates of taxing robots appears to be based on the notion of innovation and automation will only help in reducing the number of jobs available to humans. Commenting on a balance note, new technologies have created more jobs over the last 140 years instead of replacing as reported by the census data of 2015 and robotics are anticipated to participate in the similar opportunities (Caytas, 2017). Several prognosticators have indicated that technologies are regarded as both real and important and some jobs m ight disappear due to the introduction of robots however, the future of overall jobs is not regarded as gloomy. Perhaps with the introduction of smart robots it will help to spur more growth in new jobs along with the creation of entirely new categories of jobs. Getting the companies to pay large proportion of taxes will not help in solving the larger communal problems that robots will eventually remove the low skilled workers nor would a tax on robots. Instead, government must put their focus on corporate tax revenues in order to create a free and low cost education programs so that it can prepare individuals to work alongside of the robots. For those individuals who are not able to discover jobs government can provide universal basic income and other kinds of safety nets for the least advantaged. Arguments that is found to be more persuasive: As evident from the recent study of implementing tax on robots with the anticipations those robots would replace the large number of employees in the upcoming 20 years. By implementing tax on robots, it is argued there will be fall in the speed of economy with the introduction of robots and the funds that is generated can be put into use to absorb the removed workers by financially supporting them (Hemel Ouellette, 2014). The displaced workers can be moved in new jobs in the areas of wellbeing, teaching and other regions where individual labour is required. While Gates could be viewed correct that robots not just conventional business robots, but all kinds of simulated intellect application are more probable to mechanize a large number of works in the upcoming 20 years. Computerization is currently growing employment in large number of industries hence implementing tax on robots may simply slow down the growth and will restrict the prospect of expansion for millions. It is true that several industrialized jobs have been lost due to the computerization however several economist have estimated that a large number of decline in manufacturing is due to the fact that machines have took over the task of humans. Prior to the mid 20th century speedy mechanization in the textile industries and steel industries was accompanied with the help of robust employment growth. In the modern age when it comes to information technology, it is evident that there are still unmet demands in large number of industries due to the growing employment (Rimmer, 2017). In the non-manufacturing sectors, studies have represented that the use of information technology is related with the faster industry growth in employment. A large number of electronic document have automated much number of work and from the year 2000 full time employment for legal assistant and legal support occupations have witnessed growth of 1.1% each year quicker than the workforce. ATM has took over the work of handling of cash from bank tellers however bank teller employment in Australia has since witnessed growth. Although it is found that automation will result in further loss of job in manufacturing, warehouse operations and truck driving but in general impact of mechanization in most of the industries will lead to a rise in the employment. Even though the speed of advancement in robotics and artificial intelligence might increase over the next decade however the impact of change whether increase or decrease in employment is not dependent on technology but also on demand (Barkoczy, 2017). Overall, with the introduction of such technology will help in boosting employment since they will be addressing a large number of unmet demands. Nevertheless, there will negative and positive as well with some people will witness their jobs becoming outdated and will need to obtain new skills in order to get hold of well paid work. Hence, Gates is correct in providing funds to retrain workers and supporting them in order to make job transition. However, it can be concluded that taxing robots will only slow down the creation of job since automation is creating large number of jobs than destroying it. Part B: Particulars Amount ($) Name of the Asset Robots Base Value of the Assets ? 5,00,000.00 No. of. Days held 1095 Effective Useful life 8 Depreciation Amount ? 1,87,500.00 Total ? 1,87,500.00 Reference list: Barkoczy, S. (2016). Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Barkoczy, S. (2017). Foundations of Taxation Law 2017.OUP Catalogue. Bello, S. K. (2016). Robotics application in flexible manufacturing systems: prospects and challenges in a developing country. Braithwaite, V., Braithwaite, J. (2016). Managing taxation compliance: The evolution of the ATO Compliance Model. Caytas, J. D. (2017). European Perspectives on an Emergent Law of Robotics. Christie, M. (2015). Principles of Taxation Law 2015. Hemel, D. J., Ouellette, L. L. (2014). Research Tax Credits: An Important Tool.Science,343(6170), 485-485. Jones, S., Rhoades-Catanach, S. (2013).Principles of Taxation for Business and Investment Planning, 2014 edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kiprotich, B. A. (2016). Principles of Taxation.governance. Miller, A., Oats, L. (2016).Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C., Pinto, D. (2016). A practical introduction to Australian taxation law 2016. Petty, J. W., Titman, S., Keown, A. J., Martin, P., Martin, J. D., Burrow, M. (2015).Financial management: Principles and applications. Pearson Higher Education AU. Prassler, E. (2016). Robotics Academia and Industry: We Need to Talk.IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine,23(3), 11-14. Rimmer, M. (2017). The Wild West of Robot Law.Australasian Science. Robin Barkoczy Woellner (Stephen Murphy, Shirley Et Al). (2016).Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press. Saad, N. (2014). Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, 1069-1075. Snape, J., De Souza, J. (2016).Environmental taxation law: policy, contexts and practice. Routledge. Taylor, G., Richardson, G. (2013). The determinants of thinly capitalized tax avoidance structures: Evidence from Australian firms.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,22(1), 12-25. Tran-Nam, B., Walpole, M. (2016). Tax disputes, litigation costs and access to tax justice.eJournal of Tax Research,14(2), 319. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D. (2016). Australian Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue.

The 5 Kingdoms Of Life Essays - Cell Biology, Cell, Monera, Protist

The 5 Kingdoms of Life MONERA The Monera Kingdom, though not often recognized by all people, has a profound effect on all of our lives. Its cell structure is simple, containing one or a colony of cells. It has no nucleus, no organelles, a cell membrane, and only certain members of the kingdom have a cell wall. They most often obtain food by photosynthesis or feeding off another dead organism. It can move only through water or the organism that is hosting it. It reproduces not sexual or asexually, but through conjugation and fission. It is environmentally important because of its significance to the food chain. It also produces nitrogen, vitamins, and antibiotics, essential to several other types of life. Some practical examples of this kingdom are bacteria and cyan bacteria.(Smith, E. 1998, Hall, S. 1996, LRC 1997, SER 1998) PROTISTA The Protista kingdom is another kingdom often overlooked in scientific importance. Its cell structure is somewhat more complex than that of the Monera. Most of its components are single-celled organisms, however some are multi-celled. Its cells consist of a nucleus, organelles, vacuole, cell membrane, and some of them also contain a cell wall. It uses many intricate processes to obtain food, such as pseudopodium, photosynthesis, cilia, flagella, as well as photosynthesis. It moves by means of cilia, flagella, and pseudopodium. It can reproduce by conjugation, fission, asexual, and sexual means. In the environment, it produces much the way plants do, while consuming much the way animal do. It is important to its habitat because it stabilizes the food chain, is a human food source, and produces oxygen. Some common protista are plankton, algae, and the amoeba. (Smith, E. 1998, Hall, S. 1996, Southron, F. 1996) FUNGI After careful examination, you will realize that the fungi kingdom is more than just mushrooms. Most of its organisms are single-celled, with some exceptions being multi-cellular. This group has a nucleus, organelles, a cell membrane, as well as a cell wall present in all fungi that is absent from the previously mentioned kingdoms. It obtains food in majority from absorbs ion, partnership, and leeching from decaying organisms. Its only movement is that of the host; which it is connected to. They reproduce by spore, as well as by asexual budding. They are helpful because they produce antibiotics and also help in fermentation. Some organisms that are members of the fungi kingdom are mushrooms, molds, mildews, and yeast. (Smith, E., 1998, Hall, S. 1996, Lista, D. 1998) PLANTAE The planate (more commonly plant) kingdom holds some interesting properties. Unlike the previously mentioned kingdoms, the planate consists only of multi-celled organisms. All members of the group known as planate contain a nucleus, organelles, cell membrane, cell wall, as well as a vacuole. Their major source of food comes from the process of photosynthesis. Its only movement is in growth, where it gravitates toward the most prominent light source. It reproduces through a complex process of Propagation, which consists of grafting, budding, cutting, and layering. It is used in its envierment for a food source as well as a medicine. Angiosperms, gymnosperms, mosses, and ferns all call the planate kingdom their kingdom.( Smith, E., 1998, Hall, S., 1996, USDA, 1999) ANIMALIA We finally reach the kingdom which we as human beings call home, the kingdom more commonly known as the animal kingdom. The Animalia and Planate kingdoms are the only two which consist exclusively of multi-celled organisms. The cells of a member of the animalia kingdom consist of a nucleus, organelles, cell membrane, as well as the vacuole. They obtain food mainly from preying on another species or consuming a previously deceased organism. They have muscular movement through water, air, and soil. Its main role in the envierment is consumers. However, they also provide an important food source for other members of its kingdom. Some Animalia kingdom members are mammals, amphibians, sponges, and worms. (Smith, E., 1998, Hall, S., ,1996

The first 15mins of basic instinct essays

The first 15mins of basic instinct essays I have chosen to talk about a film called Basic Instinct, which I have analysed the first 15mins of. Reasons for deciding on analysing the first 15 minutes is because I think this is the part where it is the main purpose of the film as it gives you the question that needs to be answered later on in the film. A film doesnt just start: it begins. The opening provides us with a basis for what is to come; it integrates us into the film causes of subsequent narrative events, significant motifs, and important features of the initial plot situation are all laid out in the opening...the opening sets up a certain range of possibilities, raising our expectations about what is to come (Bordwell film Art) It first opens up with a mix of colours of red and black, which, conotates evil and danger. This happens at the background of the subtitles as they are coming up so this gets us ready that something dangerous is expected of. Also very creepy and mystifying music is playing gently setting us in the mood of what is to come. Then we go into the first scene, which opens up in equilibrium where a mysterious blond woman is having sex with a man. The woman seems to be very powerful, and seductive and you can see this by the way she is taking control of the man whilst having sex. At this point the director is giving us an enigma on who the woman is, as we cannot see her face, but we can see that her hair is blond. The director does this to add tension and mystery. Suddenly there is disequilibrium as the woman gets out an ice pick and starts to stab him, killing him. Then there is a new equilibrium when it switches to the detectives looking around for clues; this synopsis is a perfect example of a film noir narrative. From watching the opening scene, we can tell the film has a lot of darkness, which symbolises the film noir genre. The reasons we have noticed that this is film noir becaus...

Celebrate Christmas With Santa Claus Quotes

Celebrate Christmas With Santa Claus Quotes Whoever invented the idea of a heavy-set old man with a flowing white beard coming down a chimney with a bag of goodies must have had a riot of imagination. Some people think he is real. And every year, millions hang up their Christmas stockings so that Santa Claus can leave little goodies from the North Pole for them to enjoy.   If you are a true believer of the goodness of Santa Claus or you just cant get over your childhood fun, check out these Santa Claus quotes. You dont need a sleigh to be transported to the world of magic and beauty.   Santa Claus Quotes Clement Clarke MooreTwas the night before Christmas, when all through the houseNot a creature was stirring, not even a mouse;The stockings were hung by the chimney with care,In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there. His eyes - how they twinkled! His dimples, how merry!His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry!His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow,and the beard on his chin was as white as the snow. Bart SimpsonWhats Santas Little Helper doing to that dog? Looks like hes trying to jump over, but he cant quite make it. Victor BorgeSanta Claus has the right idea - visit people only once a year. Dick GregoryI never believed in Santa Claus because I knew no white dude would come into my neighborhood after dark. Richard LammChristmas is a time when kids tell Santa what they want and adults pay for it. Deficits are when adults tell the government what they want and their kids pay for it. Herbert HooverA good many things go around in the dark besides Santa Claus. H.L. MenckenGod is a Republican, and Santa Claus is a Democrat. Patti SmithEveryone thinks of God as a man - you cant help it - Santa Claus was a man, therefore God has to be a man. Francis P. ChurchAlas! How dreary would be the world if there was no Santa Claus! There would be no childlike faith then, no poetry, no romance to make tolerable this existence. Edwin Osgood GroverSanta Claus is anyone who loves another and seeks to make them happy; who gives himself by thought or word or deed in every gift that he bestows. Paul M. EllThey err who thinks Santa Claus comes down through the chimney; he really enters through the heart. Robert Paul You know youre getting old when Santa starts looking younger.

Interpretation of Compernicus in the 16th century Research Paper

Interpretation of Compernicus in the 16th century - Research Paper Example This essay will deal with the interpretations of Copernican cosmology among his contemporaries, with special attention being paid to views on Copernican theory exhibited by leading theologians of the epoch, both Catholic and Protestant. In addition, an account of interpretations of Copernicus in non-European historical environment will be presented, with Ottoman Empire serving as a case study. It will be argued that the dominant interpretations of Copernican astronomy in the 16th century were far from overwhelmingly hostile, as might be inferred from the treatment of Giordano Bruno and later Galileo Galilei, and that established ecclesiastical authorities in most cases lacked a coherent policy towards Copernicans until the 17th century. THE EARLY LUTHERAN RESPONSE TO THE COPERNICAN THEORY. MELANCHTHON, RHETICUS AND THE WITTENBERG INTERPRETATION Although the notion of existential hostility of Lutheran thinkers towards Copernican astronomy, presented by White in his famous account of L uther’s alleged derisory remark on Copernicus (White 1:126-7), is widespread, it seems that such a conclusion would be premature. While Kuhn asserts that Luther and Melanchthon viewed Copernican theory as contravening the Scripture and constituting near blasphemy (Kuhn 191), Barker and Westman strongly oppose such a view, instead suggesting that the attitude of Lutherans to Copernicanism was more nuanced (Barker; Westman, â€Å"The Copernicans and the Churches†). First of all, it is significant that the presentation of Copernican heliocentric theory itself was conducted not by Copernicus himself, but by Georg Joachim Rheticus (1514-1574), a young mathematician from the University of Wittenberg, which was the spiritual centre of Lutheran current in the Reformation (Westman, â€Å"The Copernicans and the Churches† 81). In fact, Rheticus was entrusted by Copernicus with publishing Narratio Prima, the draft version of the Copernican master work, De Revolutionibus, i n 1540. Together with another Lutheran scholar, Andreas Osiander (1498-1552), Rheticus published De Revolutionibus itself in 1543, with a special notice that the latter was an astronomical and mathematical, rather than philosophical, work. It is assumed that this notice was added in order to prevent possible backlash by conservative theologians and scholastics against Copernican theory (Westman, â€Å"The Copernicans and the Churches† 81). Such interpretation of Copernicus’s work, i.e. not as a work aimed at uncovering physical truth, but as a mathematical treatise that was merely to provide mathematically consistent observations was to become a basis for the so-called Wittenberg Interpretation of Copernicus. It is interesting to note that Melanchthon seems to have been initially critical of Copernicus’s ideas, but later acknowledged their validity, especially with regard to Copernican planetary parameters and theory of moon movements (Westman, â€Å"The Melanc hthon Circle†). Although Melanchthon never recognized the claims of Copernican heliocentrists with respect to cosmological issues, he obviously regarded Copernicus’s mathematical calculations on celestial body movements as superior to the Ptolemean ones. Melanchthon dismissed Copernican observation on the earth’s motion, finding it to be incompatible with the Scripture and the Aristotelian idea of simple motion, according to which each simple body has only one type of motion inherent in it (Westman, â€Å"

Organizational Behavior (1) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational Behavior (1) - Assignment Example This paper will describe the 21st century manager and discuss how various organizational cultures influence such managers. The 21st century manager is faced with the duty of managing people in this era of change. This era is characterized by technological innovation, deregulation, globalization, new political systems, a new workforce mentality, more service-oriented jobs and a new emphasis on "knowledge work† (Hofstede, 1980). These are the changes that managers and their organizations ought to progressively respond to in order to achieve effective organizational structures (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2008). To discuss how organizational culture influences the 21st century manager, it is important to define organizational culture. Organizational culture is a set of shared mental suppositions that guide action and interpretation in organizations by outlining apposite behavior for various situations (Hofstede, 1980). Cultures develop in organizations due to internal integration and external adaptation. External adaptation mirrors an evolutionary tactic to organizational culture and proposes that cultures exist since they assist an organization to subsist and flourish. If the culture is useful, then it embraces the prospective for engendering constant competitive advantages. Internal integration, on the other hand is a valuable function because social structures are requisite for establishments to exist. Organizational practices are cultured through socialization at the workplace. Work environments strengthen culture on a daily basis by encouraging workers to exercise cultural values (Gome z-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2008). Organizational culture influences managers to embrace behaviors that persuade employees to embark on tasks in a constructive and empowering way. Managers in the 21st century have learnt to embrace the contingency approach to management in a business world that is faced with diverse and ever growing pool of management techniques and

Impressions of Stella Essay Example for Free

Impressions of Stella Essay A Streetcar Named Desire contains many different themes and symbolism, included by Williams to help introduce the characters and ideas of the play. I believe one of the main ideas Williams tries to convey in this play is to do with the streetcar being a metaphor for the idea of fate, going down one route and not being able to change your direction but being destined to arrive in one, pre-chosen destination. Take a streetcar named desire, and then transfer to one called the cemeteries shows further how Williams chose the name of the play to symbolise how desire and passion (in Blanches case) lead to death or self destruction. Within the first two scenes of the play, my first impressions of Stanley were that he was the alpha male, in charge of his household, very stereotypical of a working class man. You also see Stanley as quite short tempered and slightly violent without many manners. Stanley is first seen in the play in a bowling jacket which shows immediately his working class background and joy in sports. He is also carrying a red meat stained package showing his savage manliness and that he is bringing home the food for his family. His character is also constructed through the language he uses in the first scene; in a conversation with Stella he answers Catch! Meat! Bowling! Come on all very short to the point plain answers showing again he is working class with primitive speech. Throughout the play Williams builds on his character and we see a more violent and equally passionate side of Stanley as he becomes more and more angry towards Blanche finally raping her and then with Stella, as we see the violence he shows towards her suddenly change into a raw, animal like passion. Stanleys lines are very to the point and often shouted showing his working class and straight up attitude, but also his tendency to anger and need for dominance of his life and the people in it. My first impressions of Stella arise from the conversation she has with Blanche. They show her as very quiet, and quite simple compared to her sister. She appears to not be worried about her appearance, as she is wearing simple clothes that have been made dirty. This additionally shows how Stella has become more working class than the way she was brought up because she married a working class husband, and could symbolise that unlike Blanche hiding behind fancy clothes, she has nothing to hide. Right from the beginning you are given signs of Stellas infatuation with Stanley, and it seems that from Blanches speech, she has matured and settled down becoming more lower class than the class she was born into at Belle Reve. The way Blanche speaks to Stella shows the drop in class as she seems surprised and looks at Stella with a slight distaste. This is shows when she exclaims, What Two rooms, and we are shown Stellas maturity in, How quiet you are, youre so peaceful As the play goes on I dont think my impressions about Stella change dramatically I think I understand more the extent of Stellas desire for Stanley as she continues to go back to him after violence and rage. I think you learn most about Blanches character within the first two scenes although some of these impressions maybe false. Within her first conversation with Stella she comes across as very open, speaking freely and plentifully but later on we see how closed she is with a lot of history that she tries to keep hidden. She also becomes a lot frailer; she is described as a moth having to avoid strong light but as the play goes on she is shown in light and we see how old and decayed she really is. We discover in the first two scenes that Blanche is an alcoholic, and shows she is unable to control it I never had your beautiful self-control. She also shows that she is secretive about this and deceitful to Stella when the subject occurs. This shows a side of Blanches character that develops through the play as we see how much she is hiding and lying about to Stella and Stanley. I do think Blanches appearance is of her true character right through the play though, as Williams describes her daintily dressed that her appearance is incongruous to this setting of a rough neighbourhood and that Her delicate beauty must avoid strong light. I think these descriptions show more of Blanches character than the way she acts or what she says at the beginning because you are able to tell straight away she is fragile, used to posh places and could be quite snobby and that she cares about her appearance. She shows this very openly through the first conversation with Stella, wanting to show it off, look at my figure! She also shows vanity, mentioning Stellas appearance Youve put on some weight, youre as plump as a little partridge! Blanches snobbery is shown as she expectantly asks Stella, You have a maid, dont you?

Eulogy for Friend :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Friend My name is Deborah, and I’m one of Ron’s many friends. Karen asked me to share about Ron from a biker’s point of view. At many memorial services, eulogies are sort of like fish stories. Mean people are suddenly remembered as good-natured, self-centered people as generous, sinners as saints. Positive traits are exaggerated, negative ones swept under the rug. But today, it’s not necessary to stretch the truth. With Ron, what you saw was what you got. He refused to play games with people, and he was adamant that he â€Å"didn’t have time for nonsense† like politics and petty disputes. What he DID have time for was people. He was amazingly attuned to other people’s feelings. In my case, Ron would always notice if I started getting tired and quiet while we were riding. He noticed before my husband of 30 years did—before I did myself!—and would invariably stroll over with a handful of Tootsie Roll Pops and pink bubble gum to give me a sugar shot. Once he discovered that I shared his enthusiasm over Tootsie Roll Pops, he always made sure to keep a big enough stash to â€Å"cover† me on trips. He was attuned in other ways as well. On group rides, I usually take the tailgunner position at the end of the pack, which means that I sometimes have to babysit unskilled riders who constantly speed up and slow down, or who fall back so far that the rest of the group vanishes from sight. I usually don’t mind, but now and then when somebody who should know better rides like that, it drives me crazy. Ron would always sense when I was getting frustrated, and at the next stop he’d say, â€Å"Why don’t I ride at the back for a while and give you a break?† He didn’t make a big deal out of it, but he helped keep rides fun for many of us. Ron was master of a thousand small kindnesses. He also took setbacks in stride, small and large ones alike. One time we were heading south toward Austin, and Ron and Karen were riding in front of me. Suddenly there was a small and colorful explosion on the road behind their bike. I looked down and saw pills--lots of little pills!--bouncing in every direction. Then two more explosions occurred, and this time I saw that the bottles were coming from their T-bag. Eulogy for Friend :: Eulogies Eulogy Eulogy for Friend My name is Deborah, and I’m one of Ron’s many friends. Karen asked me to share about Ron from a biker’s point of view. At many memorial services, eulogies are sort of like fish stories. Mean people are suddenly remembered as good-natured, self-centered people as generous, sinners as saints. Positive traits are exaggerated, negative ones swept under the rug. But today, it’s not necessary to stretch the truth. With Ron, what you saw was what you got. He refused to play games with people, and he was adamant that he â€Å"didn’t have time for nonsense† like politics and petty disputes. What he DID have time for was people. He was amazingly attuned to other people’s feelings. In my case, Ron would always notice if I started getting tired and quiet while we were riding. He noticed before my husband of 30 years did—before I did myself!—and would invariably stroll over with a handful of Tootsie Roll Pops and pink bubble gum to give me a sugar shot. Once he discovered that I shared his enthusiasm over Tootsie Roll Pops, he always made sure to keep a big enough stash to â€Å"cover† me on trips. He was attuned in other ways as well. On group rides, I usually take the tailgunner position at the end of the pack, which means that I sometimes have to babysit unskilled riders who constantly speed up and slow down, or who fall back so far that the rest of the group vanishes from sight. I usually don’t mind, but now and then when somebody who should know better rides like that, it drives me crazy. Ron would always sense when I was getting frustrated, and at the next stop he’d say, â€Å"Why don’t I ride at the back for a while and give you a break?† He didn’t make a big deal out of it, but he helped keep rides fun for many of us. Ron was master of a thousand small kindnesses. He also took setbacks in stride, small and large ones alike. One time we were heading south toward Austin, and Ron and Karen were riding in front of me. Suddenly there was a small and colorful explosion on the road behind their bike. I looked down and saw pills--lots of little pills!--bouncing in every direction. Then two more explosions occurred, and this time I saw that the bottles were coming from their T-bag.

Toyota Vietnam

In today automobiles industry, Toyota is well-known not only in Asia but also all over the world. Established seven decades ago, we could say that Toyota brand has been appeared most of countries all over the world, and they have a big influence on automobiles industry. Beside the success of Toyota through decades, Toyota has faced with many obstacle that affect strongly on its reputation in a few years back. Overview Toyota was found by Sakichi Toyoda. It traces the company's development through 1937, when Toyota Motor Co. Ltd was established with the mission is to make maximum long-term profits for its stockholders and be a good corporate citizen. In 1950, a Toyota motor sale Co. , Ltd was built because the company faces a financial crisis. After thirty years, Toyota Motor Co. , Ltd and Toyota motor sale Co. , Ltd are merged into Toyota Motor Corporation, 1982. The director of Toyota Corporation is Mr. Fujio Cho. Today, Toyota is the world's second or third largest automobiles manu facturer in both unit sales and in net sales, and the No. 1 seller of retail vehicles in the US. It produces over 5. 5 million vehicles per year. Toyota Motor Vietnam (TMV) was established in 1995 and official opening in October 1996. President is Mr. Akito Tachibana. Vietnam Toyota’s product includes Hiace, Camry, Corolla Altis, Innova, Vios and Fortuner (Locally-produced models)and Land Cruiser, Hilux (Imported models), with a production capacity of 20,000 vehicles/year. TMV is possessed by three associates: Toyota Motor Corporation (70%), Vietnam Engine and Agricultural Machinery Corporation – VEAM (20%), KUO Singapore Pte. Ltd (10%). Fact issues The first root problem which Toyota Vietnam encounters is business ethics. TMV is irresponsible in securing the customers’ safety. Although, during production process, the company detected three seriously technical flaws which are involved in safety standard contents, they still passed the decision to launch faulty cars to the market. At the time 2006- 2011, Innova and Fortuner cars were attracting lots of demand s by convenient designs, suitable price. It led TMV’s sale productivity last year up to 31,000 cars for Innova series that occupied 1/3 market share in Vietnam, according to bbc. co. uk/Vietnamese- article in 8th April 12, 2011. That means TMV get lots of profit from those attracted products; but users’ lives are threatening when driving. Moreover, the problem is just exposed to public by an employee who discontented with the irresponsibility of company. It leads the authorities entering into the investigations. The company brand was broken down; and TMV started losing the customers’ loyalty. However, in a press conference, Mr. Tadashi Yoshida- production director of TMV affirmed that â€Å"if there are any accidents which are defined relating to those technical faults by authorities, TMV will take the responsibility. † That means the rights of customers aren’t respected; the safety of thousands of consumers are not concentrated on. The second root problem which Toyota Vietnam is facing is human. In an organization, the human factor is the core in whole processes from production to management. Their power and contribution are invaluable to the growth of company. However, TMV is losing themselves far away their working philosophy â€Å"To employees, we always record and respect each individual’s efforts and contribution in our success. † In the case thousands faulty cars recently, Le Van Tach-an engineer of TMV find out serious faults which will affect to users’ safety, and send suggestion to stop manufacturing and recall the faulty cars to fix immediately. But, the managers don’t heed feedbacks, ideas, or opinions to solve problems effectively. They tend to ignore Mr. Tach many times, and have arbitrary decisions. That means employees contributions in TMV success aren’t focus. Therefore, the company has to face heavy criticisms. Solution Toyota cooperation offers several handling there problem including the external and the internal problems. Firstly, Toyota has some solution for external issue. To customers, the strategy carry the title â€Å"Customer first† which includes creating a complaint center for receiving, handling any customers’ complaints and solving problem with a good and friendly attitude. In addition, the complaint center also handles the employees’ suggestion. Further more, they could organize some corporate social responsibility programs to gain back their reputation and create a new responsibility image in community’s heart. Besides, they also need to do promotion to attract more customers. To employees, they should always record and respect each individual’s efforts and contribution in our success. This human-being business view point has made our active contributions for the society as the good citizen at the local community with 3 important targets: Customer’s satisfaction; Active contributions to Vietnam’s automobile industry and to Vietnam society. Secondly, Toyota has a strategy to solve the internal problem. In human resources strategy, Toyota divided into eight areas such as rewards and recognition, training, hiring, the performance management process, corporate culture, leadership development and succession, retention, risk assessment. However, basing on the published article, we can understand that TMV only need to execute in some fields include rewards and recognition, training, and the performance management process. The purpose of any corporate reward process is to encourage and incent the right behaviors and to discourage the negative ones. It’s important for the reward process to incent the gathering of information about problems. It’s equally important to reward employees who are successful in getting executives to take immediate action on negative information. Toyota can use rewards and recognition for the ones who can contribute the ideas of Cost-cutting, for example. Secondly, for training process, Toyota is famous for its four-step cycle — plan/do/check/act — but clearly the training among managers now needs to focus more on the last two. In addition, in an environment where safety is paramount, everyone should have been trained on the symptoms of â€Å"groupthink† and how to avoid the excess discounting or ignoring of negative external safety information. Finally, Performance management processes identify problem behaviors before they get out of hand, measure responsiveness to negative information, report groupthink type errors. Toyota doing so well, maybe for the time by time the strategy out of dates so retention and improving the current customers’ needs. Implementation The implementation of the strategy of Toyota should follow the ime illustrated by the the chart below. Conclusion General speaking, Toyota’s problems are the lessons for all of corporations in automobiles industry in particular and for all corporations in the world in general. Through those issues, we can conclude with three lessons. Firstly, the companies should not neglect the quality control, even though a famous brand. Secondly, they should not accelerate the market share without focusing on product quality control. Finally, they should build and protect the essence of the brand which is the strength of the brand, which is the product quality in the case of Toyota. Work cited http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/vietnam/2011/04/110408_toyotavietnam_recall.shtml http://www.tinmoi.vn/6-ldquochieurdquo-Toyota-dung-de-doi-pho-voi-con-loc-trieu-hoi-xe-04177312.html http://www.tienphong.vn/Xe-Hoi/533817/Toyota-se-nga-ngua-o-VN-vi-bi-tay-chay-.html http://vietbao.vn/Kinh-te/Toyota-cho-rang-xe-bi-to-loi-khong-can-thu-hoi/75283550/87/ http://vietbao.vn/Kinh-te/Toyota-VN-xin-thu-hoi-xe-bi-to-dinh-loi-nghiem-trong/75284215/87/ http://vietbao.vn/Kinh-te/Toyota-Viet-Nam-van-lap-lo-thong-tin/75283765/87/ http://tuoitrenews.vn/cmlink/tuoitrenews/business/toyota-vietnam-technical-flaws-spark-public-outrage-1.26622 http://tuoitrenews.vn/cmlink/tuoitrenews/business/vietnam-must-inspect-toyota-over-technical-faults-1.26804

Modern Management Essay

Today, individuals are sometimes naà ¯ve to believe that modern management is a result of recent practices, theories, and ideas. Some believe the general structure of management and how human resources are carefully planned is the direct result of today’s contributors. They are erroneous to believe such. This commentary will explore the histories of management while cultivating the reader concerning the development of modern management and supervision as it is the result of the evolution of management that began in the nineteenth century involving slavery, railroads, and legal issues. Assignment 1.2 – Development of Modern Management Modern management has a distinctive composition consisting of managers, administrative practices, personnel, and capital. Many individuals are naà ¯ve in their perception of today’s management believing it is a direct result of recent practices, theories, and concepts; however, historians argue differently. Historians have taken readers on a journey through the history of management, while educating people concerning the management of slaves, railroads, and legal issues – the pillars of modern-day management. Slavery â€Å"American slavery has been wrongfully excluded from histories of management. By 1860, when the historical orthodoxy has modern management emerging on the railroads, 38,000 managers were managing the 4 million slaves working in the US economy.† (Cooke, 2003) Slave trade greatly influenced the management era. Slaves were responsible for farming, construction, irrigation, housekeeping, child-care, cooking, and much more. This surplus of human resources and capital required managers which eventually led divisions of management. Slave owners hired managers to supervise the slaves while wives oftentimes supervised slaves who worked as housekeepers and cooks. Managers were responsible for setting the expectations of the slaves and theirrespective daily duties. Slave owners oftentimes delegated authority and responsibilities to the manager who in-turn commanded the workers. Although slave management contributed to modern management practices, it has not been viewed by many histor ians to be a form of management. â€Å"Throughout the era of slavery the Negro was treated in a very inhuman fashion. He was considered a thing to be used, not a person to be respected. He was merely a depersonalized cog in a vast plantation machine.† (Cooke, 2003) The treatment of slaves and the criticism of such behavior as seen today have led many individuals to overlook slave management as a contribution to modern principles and ideas. Many historians prefer to give more credit to the railroads. â€Å"Of course, such a history would equally challenge any version of the history of management which explicitly or otherwise excludes slavery.† (Cooke, 2003) Slavery brought about new and innovative ideas regarding human resources. Slaves worked the plantations, which sometimes were hundreds of acres, and they were managed by individuals designated by the owner. Managing slaves required a great deal of time management, conflict resolution, capital expenditures, and even slave trading. â€Å"The chain of command went upwards from drivers to overseers to masters. Always there was obedience. † (Cooke, 2003) The management of slaves required a chain of command to be operational. Slaves answered to their overseer and overseers answered to their masters. This form of organizational structure allowed for delegation, communication, and duties to flow smoothly. In comparison, modern management structure is quite similar in nature. For example, McDonalds franchise has such a structure. For example, crew members are tasked with the job of handling customer orders, cooking, and cleaning and they answer to a shift leader. The shift leader is responsible for ensuring the crew works diligently and effectively. The shift leader answers to the assistant manager or store manager who is responsible for the overall mission of the store. The store manager would report to the owner or in the case of slavery – master. â€Å"The slaveowner urges the slave to ‘be a man’ and commands the slaves to put things to rights. They gathered around him in their helplessness, trusting implicitly in his judgment, receiving his rapid comprehensive orders† (Cooke, 2003). Likewise, modern management structure delegate managers to encourage and motivate employees to work more effectively and sometimes harder. Although there are compelling reason s whyhistorians choose not to regard the management of slaves as a contribution to modern management, the fact remains that slave owners contributed to the body of knowledge concerning management. Yes, many would agree that slavery was cruel and involved unusual punishment and treatment, but it helped shaped today’s management. †¦it is shown slavery is included within capitalism by many historians; we also see plantations as a site of the emergence of industrial discipline. Second, ante-bellum slavery is demonstrated to have been managed according to classical management and Taylorian principles. Third, those doing the managing are shown to have been employed at the time as ‘managers’. In the idea of the manger, and of scientific and classical management slavery has therefore left an ongoing imprint in management practice and thought. A strong argument is made for not just for postcolonisalist accounts of management, but for management histories in which anti-African-American racism is a continuing strand. The fundamental significance of the article however is its identification of slavery as of intrinsic, but hitherto denied, relevance to management s tudies. (Cooke, 2003) There are many compelling reasons why historians choose to ignore the management of slaves as a contribution to the evolution of management. Some think it will stir up some sort of controversy. Slavery was not the only major contributor to the evolution of management. Railroads  Like slavery, the railroads played a significant role in the evolution of management. â€Å"The railroads had to be innovators in many of the ways of modern corporate management†¦railroad managers were forced to work out the basic methods of communication and control essential to the operations of the modern business corporation.† (Chandler, 1965) Unlike many other industries during 1850’s, the railroads were faced with new challenges that required innovative management and administrative ideas. In an effort to sustain business, the railroads had to devise ways to resolve issues efficiently and effectively. â€Å"The railroaders were innovators not because they were necessarily more perceptive, energetic, or imaginative than other contemporary businessmen, but rather because they were the first to face the challenge of handling efficiently large amounts of men, money, and materials within a single business unit.† (Chandler, 1965) The size and co mplexity of the railroads forced the managers of railroads to be pioneers of management. The railroads required more operating expenses and start-up costs than any other industry during that time. Size was only one dimension of the unique challenges facing managers of the new, large railroads in the 1850’s. Their day-to-day operations called for far many more and far more complex decisions than did the working of a mill, canal, or a steamship line. Unlike a textile company, whose group of mills could be viewed within half an hour, a railroad was spread over hundreds of miles and included a wide variety of activities and facilities such as shops, terminals, stations, warehouses, office buildings†¦and so forth†¦So every day railroad managers had to make decisions controlling the activities of many men to whom they rarely talked or even ever saw. (Chandler, 1965) The railroad managers pioneered corporate management through their skillful use of time, communication, transportation, capital, and human resources. Many new positions within the organization were created to aid management. For example, chief clerks, senior financial officers, and secretaries were just a few positions crafted to help sustain the organization. The chief clerks and financial officers helped the organization use time and finances effectively. In comparison to slavery, the railroads had an unparallel influence on modern management through the use of innovation. Legal Construction Similar to the contributions of slavery and railroad management, legal construction played a role in the evolution of management. During the 1830’s, many industrial plants were ‘on the rise’, which led to the creation of many new employment opportunities. The industrial revolution offered jobs to the working-class, while also offering dangerous work environments. Many individuals were employed in factories with large mechanical machines. Although these machines helped the company with productivity and efficiency, they posed a tremendous amount of safety and health risks. Many companies were faced with unprecedented lawsuits as a result of employee injuries. The suit mounted by Gilham Banes was the first of a flood of suits alleging that employers were legally obliged to compensate employees for injuries arising in the course of their employment that came before American courts in the quarter century prior to the Civil War. This new phenomenon of employer liability suits marked a decisive moment in American labor and legal history, for it confronted courts with a demand that they impose on employers a clear legal obligation to safeguard their employees’ present and future earning capacity commensurate with the employer’s claim to the employees’ obedience on the job. (Tomlins, 1988) Conclusion Although many historians disagree, the management of slavery made many important contributions to modern management. Through the use of many positions such as overseers and masters, slave owners were able to manage thousands of slaves in different capacities. Many individuals choose to disregard the management of slavery on the basis of racism and the bad criticism surround it; however, the management of slavery has shaped management as many know it today. The railroads also made huge contributions to modern management. Positions such as clerks and financial officers are still widely used today to sustain business operations. The managers of railroads were able to communicate over long distances and keep business operational. Legal construction, like railroads and slavery, helped shaped the management structure. Employers now abide by laws that protect workers against harm on the job. Many historians rate different industries as contributing the most to modern management, but slavery , railroads, and legal construction has shaped management in an unparallel way. References Chandler, A. D. (1965). The railroads: Pioneers in modern corporate management. The Business History Review, 39(1), 16-40. Cooke, B. (2003). The denial of slavery in management studies. Journal of Management Studies, 40(8), 1895-1918. Tomlins, C. L. (1988). The mysterious power: Industrial accidents and the legal construction of employment relations in Massachusetts, 1800-1850. Law and History Review, 6(2), 375-438.

Why Job Hopping is Great for Your Career

Why Job Hopping is Great for Your Career The old days of being stigmatized for switching jobs too frequently are behind us. There’s even research to suggest that workers who stay at the same job for longer than two years end up being paid less, while workers who continue to seek new opportunities are quicker to learn, better at making first impressions, and more successful. Certainly they’re more adaptable, keeping their skills sharper and their strategizing more efficient. Keep these following tips in mind if you think the job hopping lifestyle is for you.Keep it internalYou can even hop between jobs at the same company, if that kind of loyalty is important to you. The main thing is keeping yourself sharp and engaged in the work you’re doing- and never letting yourself get bored.Don’t hide your true selfIf you’re a job hopper, consider selling this a strength, rather than hiding it as a weakness. Build your constant striving for bigger and better challenges into your hiring narrative. As long as you haven’t left a trail of burnt bridges in your wake, chances are you can make this trait an asset in an interview.While the stigma continues to fade, make sure to actively sell this aspect of your application in the hiring process. Being up front about it will help to assuage whatever doubts a more recalcitrant hiring manager might have about your resume.Know it’s never too lateFinally, there’s nothing out there that says older workers can’t be job hoppers as well! They day you decide you’re done learning is the day you’d better think about retirement. Keep on chasing those pots of gold- learning new skills and seeking new challenges.

5 Ways to Evaluate Your Writing Group

5 Ways to Evaluate Your Writing Group 5 Ways to Evaluate Your Writing Group 5 Ways to Evaluate Your Writing Group By Mark Nichol The writing group you started three or six months ago is still going, but there’s something not quite right about it. It’s time to step back and evaluate it: 1. Attendance Are the charter members all still attending? Or, if one or more people have dropped out, was it mutually beneficial for them to do so, or do you wish they had continued to participate? If the latter is true, and you haven’t already done so, send them a note asking for their frank appraisal, assuring them that you want the truth so that you can apply their response to improving the group. They might have simply found they lacked the time or the motivation, or they might have had a personality clash with someone else in the group or a problem with the meeting format. If one or more people is regularly tardy or absent, ask them why. You won’t know whether you can help them if you don’t know the reason they aren’t on time or present all the time. It might be as simple as needing more time at home after work before heading to the meeting, or they might just be hesitating about quitting. 2. Skill Are the skill levels of the members basically on par? Not everyone needs at exactly the same place in terms of facility with writing, but it helps to have an only slightly divergent range. An especially skilled group member might make others feel inadequate, and someone who is noticeably deficient in talent may be dragging the group down. You will likely feel uncomfortable about approaching either type of outlier, but the more skilled writer will probably take it as a compliment if you suggest that they seek a writing group with higher collective abilities and may be glad to have â€Å"permission† to do so. For the person not quite up to the group’s level, it may take no-punches-pulled criticism respectful but candid to prompt them to look for a group more suited to their level of development. 3. Workload Are group members keeping up with the workload? If members routinely come to group meetings unprepared lacking either a writing sample for others to critique or completed evaluations of others’ passages perhaps the amount of preparation required is excessive. Consider reducing the frequency of meetings or the length of submissions, or mix up the way submissions are presented: If group members usually email their pieces for others to review and critique before the next meeting, alternate this approach with cold critiques (responses to writing samples that have just been distributed at that meeting). Alternatively, have members submit samples at every other meeting rather than each time, or skip critique meetings in place of tutorials (everybody presents a fifteen-minute lesson about character, plot, narrative structure, or some other element). 4. Development Do group members feel that the writing group is helping them develop as writers? Set aside part or all of a meeting to discuss how everyone feels about their progress. Are other members too timid about providing feedback, so that one or more people feel that they aren’t getting anything out of the critiquing sessions? Is criticism writer centered rather than writing centered? Critiques that focus on the author rather than on the writing samples not only hinder development but may also make members feel uncomfortable, which may also be the cause of absentees or dropouts. If you haven’t yet done so, model constructive comments that are specific and that respond to the piece, not the person. 5. Feedback External feedback, that is. At three months after the group’s launch, this step will likely be premature, but for a group that’s met for six months or more, it might be time to step up to the plate. Talk everyone in the group to committing to submitting: With a given period, everyone must send an article or poem or short story to a certain number of publications or writing competitions for consideration. That’s certainly one way to evaluate a writing group. If one or more people get a prize or get published, also-rans might feel resentment, but try to forestall any bad feelings by suggesting ahead of time that if anyone hits the jackpot, it means everybody has the potential to do so. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureTen Yiddish Expressions You Should KnowEach vs. Both

Paper on Summa Theologica, Q. 94, art. 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paper on Summa Theologica, Q. 94, art. 2 - Essay Example Nevertheless, the book can already stood on its own as a basis of creating an excellent and moral society based on theological laws. 1. Christianity is the official religion of the state. Citizens may only adopt Christianity and its different variations as a manner and method of praising of God, for Jesus Christ is the way through man’s divinity. 2. The state should protect the individual and make him or her free from any forms of threat and unjust vexation from outside force. Protection of the individual is necessary because man is in the likeness of God. An assault to man due to laxity of the state in unforgivable. Security therefore must be achieved to protect God and his likeness which is man. Explanation: This proposed law is consistent with Aquinas â€Å"The end or term of production of man† as enunciated in Question 94. The image of God is in man as Aquinas justified â€Å""Where an image exists, there forthwith is likeness; but where there is likeness, there is not necessarily an image" (Summa Theologica Question 94). Protecting its citizens therefore is also an act of protecting God’s likeness because man is created in the image and likeness of God Explanation: Perhaps this portion of the Question is the crowning glory of Summa Theologica because it explicated reason and excellence is part of Divine Plan. That to achieve divinity, it would be necessary to develop man to become perfect that he is now. Quoting St. Thomas Aquinas in Question 94, he said that â€Å"The first man did not see God through His Essence if we consider the ordinary state of that life; unless, perhaps, it be said that he saw God in a vision, when "God cast a deep sleep upon Adam" (Gn. 2:21). The reason is because, since in the Divine Essence is beatitude itself, the intellect of a man who sees the Divine Essence has the same relation to God as a man has to beatitude† (Summa Theologica Question 94). In essence, Aquinas is saying that man can only see the

Competition Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Competition - Term Paper Example The market price in a perfect competition is determined by the market forces namely, the demand and supply of the products. The features of perfect competition are as follows, There are a large number of buyers and sellers in a perfect competitive market that neither a single buyer nor a single seller can influence the price. The price is determined by the market forces namely the demand for the supply of the products. Thus the sellers in the perfectly competitive market are price takers and quantity adjusters. The products produced by all the firms in a perfectly competitive market must be homogenous and identical in all respects i.e. the products in the market are same in quantity, size, taste etc. The products of different firms are perfect substitutes and the cross elasticity is infinite. Both the buyers and the sellers are fully aware of he current price in the market. Therefore the buyer will not offer higher price and the sellers will not accept a price less than the one which is prevailing in the market. There must be complete freedom for the entry of new firms or the exit of the existing firms from the industry. In times of profits, new firms will enter into the markets and in time of loss the existing firms will leave the industry. In a perfect competition it is assumed that there are no transportation costs. Because in perfect competition, a commodity is sold at same price throughout the market. So if transportation costs are incurred firms closer to the market will charge a lesser price than the firms far away. So, it is assumed that there are no transportation costs. Under perfect competition price is determined by the market forces namely the demand for and supply of the commodities. Hence there is uniform price in the market. As a result the average revenue is perfectly elastic. The AR curve is horizontally parallel to x-axis. Since the average revenue is

Strategy Management in Small Export Business of China Dissertation

Strategy Management in Small Export Business of China - Dissertation Example issertation would include the components of the various small business firms of China, their analysis from the strategic perspective, framing research questions for the survey, conducting a survey based on the industry, evaluating the findings obtained from the survey, drawing the conclusion and suggesting appropriate recommendations for the issues faced by the industry. Additionally the study aims at investigating the significance of internal and external business forces for small export enterprise in southeastern parts of china, and will inevitably aim at analyzing these small business’s successes and failure from the strategic management standpoint during the time period 1980 to 2012. 1.2 Background of this study China is a significantly developing country and therefore China have broad market environment, as a result there are lots of foreign companies to enter the Chinese market. These foreign capital enterprises within the original industry remains monopolized by small, medium, state-owned enterprises which lead to the strong impact of China's state-owned enterprises in some industries. In addition, international competition has developed in the Chinese market gradually. At the same time, China's domestic competition has also contributed to the globalization of market competition. Therefore, at present the production and operation of China's small enterprises have to experience and face international competition. Over the earlier 2 decades, the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of China have gone through more or less three development stages, together with the expansion of China’s improvement and establishment. The first stage was from the time period 1978 to the year 1992. This era had been characterized by the development of SMEs in scale and... The study aims at investigating the significance of internal and external business forces for small export enterprise in south-eastern parts of China, and will inevitably aim at analyzing these small business’s successes and failure from the strategic management standpoint during the time period 1980 to 2012. China is a significantly developing country and therefore China has a broad market environment, as a result, there are lots of foreign companies to enter the Chinese market. These foreign capital enterprises within the original industry remain monopolized by small, medium, state-owned enterprises which lead to the strong impact of China's state-owned enterprises in some industries. In addition, international competition has developed in the Chinese market gradually. At the same time, China's domestic competition has also contributed to the globalization of market competition. Therefore, at present, the production and operation of China's small enterprises have to experien ce and face international competition. Over the earlier 2 decades, the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of China have gone through more or less three development stages, together with the expansion of China’s improvement and establishment. The first stage was from the time period 1978 to the year 1992. This era had been characterized by the development of SMEs in scale and number. This was the result of the government’s support for and encouragement of the formation of collective, self-employed and township enterprises.

Accuracy of Frozen Section in Borderline Ovarian Tumor

Accuracy of Frozen Section in Borderline Ovarian Tumor Abstract Borderline ovarian tumor or low malignant tumor present in 10-15% of all ovarian cancers, they usually affect younger women and they have favorable prognosis even with conservative surgery, in which fertility can be preserved. Lack of reliable diagnostic tool to indicate the type of malignancy before surgery or at the time of surgery make the borderline ovarian tumor one of the most controversial topics of gynecology malignancy. This leads to many overtreatment cases with radical surgery or undertreatment with conservative surgery with the higher rate of overtreatment compared to undertreatment. In this review article, we extensively searched for all reported data regarding the accuracy of frozen section in borderline ovarian tumor and compared the results. Our literature search and reviewing the result of 6 studies, which specifically considered the accuracy of frozen section in borderline ovarian tumors, gave us an accuracy of 60% with an agreement between final pathology and frozen section results. 24.5% of under-diagnosed cases where malignant interpreted to benign and 4.9% over-diagnosed cases where benign tumor considered as a malignant. Frozen section is a reliable tool to exclude benign tumor from borderline and malignant but under-diagnosed percentage is higher than to be accepted for a reliable diagnostic method. There are limitations in this review included the low number of enrolled cases, different time of diagnosis and different countries, which did not have similar criteria and classification. Introduction For the first time in 1929, Taylor described the borderline ovarian tumor (BOT) or low malignant tumor [1]. About 10-15% of all ovarian cancers are BOT. They have very interesting histological behavior. Epithelial cell stratification, increased mitotic activity and nuclear atypia are some features of malignancy that present in borderline tumor. They lack the invasion into the stroma and they usually affect younger women and have a favorable prognosis (2). However small percentage, which are invasive and classified in advanced stage are associated with poor prognosis and recurrence rate of about 1-50% (3). Histologically BOTs are classified based on their epithelial characteristics as serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell or Brenner tumors. Their different histologic type plays an important role in their clinical presentation, thus it is very important to determine the cell type before assessment of BOTs [4-6]. Staging is based on International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system for ovarian carcinoma. Review of literature indicated very interesting controversy in distribution of BOTs based on the geographic region. In western country USA and Europe, the leading histological type of BOTs reported as serous (7-9). Interestingly, studies from Korea and Japan have showed that mucinous type was the most common one (10-11). Nevertheless, limited number of patients in these studies did not help to come to the conclusion based on geographic area. Surgery is a standard of care to treat BOTs. Determinant factors that help to choose the surgical methods including patients’ age, fertility status and most importantly the histological characteristic of the tumor. Two standard methods worldwide are used in order to treat the BOTs, conservative or radical surgery. Borderline tumors have favorable prognosis even when they are treated with conservative method of surgery. Despite their benign behavior, the treatment of borderline tumor has been more aggressive just because they are regarded as a subset of carcinoma conservatively. Choosing and applying the correct surgery method is vitally important since patient fertility should be preserved when a conservative surgery is chosen as a method of surgery. Patients benefit from conservative surgery, if the tumor has not invaded into the stroma. In contrast, malignant epithelial neoplasm are needed to be treated more aggressively with radical surgery. Therefore, it is critically impo rtant to detect the right histology stage of the tumor at the time of surgery. An accurate test will have a golden value in these patients because it can avoid overtreatment by radical surgery and save the patient fertility when it is on early stage. On the other hand, it would not lead to catastrophic underestimation of tumor when it is on advanced stage (12). Preoperative imaging and tumor markers are usually used to estimate the characteristic of these tumors, but what is obtained from these methods are limited (13, 14). Most of the time, the decision should be made at the time of surgery in case of disseminated malignancy. Earlier stage of tumor FIGO stage 1, 2 are controversial ones. Preliminary diagnosis can be made based on cytology but tissue biopsy is generally the only definitive available diagnostic tool. Intraoperative frozen section can be an alternative to make the diagnosis intra-operatively. Frozen section as a diagnostic tool is widely used to detect the staging of the tumor. Therefore, the right decision on the surgical path with this method not only gives us information about the malignancy but also can report presence of metastases. Accuracy of frozen section has been reported to be good in terms of malignant and benign tumors but its reliability in BOT has not been investigated sufficiently to be statically significant to be used as a diagnostic tool (15). Material and methods In this review article, we extensively search for all reported data regarding the accuracy of frozen section in BOT and compared the results. In order to write this review, we did an extensive search on Medline, preliminary search words were borderline ovarian tumor and frozen section, borderline and borderline ovarian tumor. Finally, we found 30 articles, which investigated the accuracy of frozen section in ovarian tumor, but only 6 of them reviewed in this study (18-23) because other studies was not evaluated the accuracy of frozen section in borderline ovarian tumor or it was evaluated in subgroups. We looked at accuracy of test in all the studies individually. All data were pooled and overall accuracy, over-diagnosed and under-diagnosed then calculated. Discussion Gultekin and colleagues retrospectively evaluated the 82 cases diagnosed with BOT at their clinic in Izmir, Turkey between 1995 and 2007. They compared the result of frozen sections with permanent paraffin section. Their data showed the 69.5% rate of correct diagnosis, 1.2% over-diagnostic rate and 29.3% under-diagnostic rate (18) Tempfer et al. were looked at 96 cases of BOT between 1995 and 2007. The result of frozen section and paraffin were compared in 71.9% of cases, which accounted for 69 of 96 the result of FS and definitive histology were the same. Results showed an overall sensitivity of 75% and PPV of 94.5%. Twenty-eight percentage (27 out of 96) were under-diagnosed and none over-diagnosed has reported (19). Kayikcioglu and colleagues conducted their study on thirty-three patients evaluated based on frozen sections between February 1992 and December 1997. The correlation between frozen section diagnosis and final pathological examination was 72.7% (24/33). Nine percentage (2/22) had inaccurate results in the serous type and 36.6% (4/11) in the mucinous type. They found that the sensitivity and specificity of frozen section diagnosis were 86.95 and 57.14%, respectively. They concluded that frozen section evaluation in identifying a borderline ovarian malignancy was accurate enough to exclude the(20) K. Houck, et al review between 1980 and 1998 at Massachusetts General Hospital found by reviewing 140 cases in their study, which had 60% consistency with frozen section and final pathology results. 10.7% over-diagnosed and 29.3% under-diagnosed cases were reported in their study whereas the positive predictive value of borderline by frozen section was 89.3%. Another study conducted at University of Pennsylvania by Menzin and colleagues evaluating frozen section and final pathology results of 48 patients between 1986 and 1993. In all of these 48 cases, frozen section was suggested the BOT. Their analysis showed 27.1% under-diagnosed and none of the final pathology results was benign while frozen section suggested borderline. They concluded that frozen section was accurate in excluding the benign tumor but when it came to distinguish between borderline and invasive tumor it was not reliable (22). Kim and colleagues reviewed all pathology reports with BTO in both frozen and permanent section analyses between 1994 and 2008 at Seoul St. Marys Hospital. Similar to other studies, they have compared the results of frozen section and permanent histology. They showed 62.4% agreement between frozen section and permanent histology results, which accounted for 63 of 76 cases. They had 76 cases of BOT diagnosed by frozen section. Eight has been under-diagnosed and 5 over-diagnosed, which was 10.5% and 6.6% respectively. 50% sensitivity and 80% specificity was reported in mentioned study (23). Summary of all above mentioned studies and pooled data are shown on table .1 In addition to the accuracy of frozen section compared to the permanent histology results, some other variables have been evaluated in some of these studies. Some of them examined serous type and mucinous type of the tumor despite the controversial result. One concluded that serous type had more missing diagnosed cases (20) while other results showed that tumors other than serous were more likely to be missed (21). Expert pathologist was another controversial variable expressed in Gultekin et al in their research and some other retrospective reviews showed that expert pathologist and accuracy of frozen section diagnosis were parallel (18). Menzin and Tempfer studies have shown no difference in expertise of pathologist regarding accuracy of frozen section.(19,22) Conclusion It is important to choose the right surgical policy at pelvic mass operation, especially when it comes to BOT, which have the favorable prognosis even with conservative surgery due to preservation of fertility in younger women. There is no accurate diagnostic method to evaluate the ovarian tumor, before or at the time of surgery. Frozen section analysis can provide valuable hiftological information in term of malignant ovarian mass. However, the overall diagnostic performance for BOTs has not been reported satisfactory in any study. As it is shown in table 1, according to previous published data FS has under-diagnostic rate of 24.5%. It showed an excellent result in term of excluding the benign tumor. These result have its own limitations. All the published data were based on retrospective studies, performed on different time frame with different diagnostic criteria and various recommendations. Moreover, they were from different area, which might cause some bias. Number of enrolled cases were limited in addition to different inclusion and exclusion criteria in each study. Although most of the result were statistically acceptable with p-value of